{"id":5395,"date":"2026-04-07T13:28:52","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T16:28:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/?p=5395"},"modified":"2026-04-22T00:47:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T03:47:23","slug":"monitoramento-linux-vmstat-iostat-sar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/monitoramento-linux-vmstat-iostat-sar\/","title":{"rendered":"Guia Completo de Monitoramento Linux com vmstat, iostat e sar"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"helps-1143062017\" class=\"helps-before-content-2 helps-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3661896953164277\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- 2anuncios display quadrado -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3661896953164277\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"5051229894\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><div id=\"helps-1111392124\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3661896953164277\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- quadrado -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3661896953164277\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7475053573\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-parte-1-a-importancia-da-santissima-trindade-da-observabilidade\">Parte 1: A Import\u00e2ncia da &#8220;Sant\u00edssima Trindade&#8221; da Observabilidade<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Administrar sistemas <a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/como-instalar-crowdsec\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"1\" title=\"Como instalar Crowdsec\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linux<\/a> em ambientes de produ\u00e7\u00e3o corporativos, seja em servidores f\u00edsicos tradicionais (bare-metal) ou em infraestruturas el\u00e1sticas de computa\u00e7\u00e3o em nuvem (como AWS, Google Cloud e Microsoft Azure), exige um conhecimento extremamente profundo de como os recursos de hardware est\u00e3o sendo utilizados pelos processos de software rodando em espa\u00e7o de usu\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quando um servidor apresenta alertas de lentid\u00e3o, a rea\u00e7\u00e3o instintiva e prim\u00e1ria de muitos administradores de sistemas ou desenvolvedores j\u00fanior \u00e9 verificar comandos b\u00e1sicos como <code>top<\/code> ou <code>htop<\/code>. Embora essas ferramentas sejam excelentes e indispens\u00e1veis para uma vis\u00e3o geral, visual e imediata dos processos que mais consomem CPU ou RAM em um dado segundo, elas frequentemente falham em fornecer a granularidade, o hist\u00f3rico ou o contexto t\u00e9cnico de baixo n\u00edvel necess\u00e1rio para diagnosticar gargalos complexos. Estamos falando de problemas obscuros como lat\u00eancia de I\/O em discos, pagina\u00e7\u00e3o agressiva de mem\u00f3ria ou micro-explos\u00f5es de tr\u00e1fego de rede.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9 exatamente aqui que entra a verdadeira &#8220;sant\u00edssima trindade&#8221; da an\u00e1lise de performance em modo texto do sistema operacional Linux: <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O dom\u00ednio conjunto sobre o <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong> \u00e9 o que separa os usu\u00e1rios casuais de Linux dos verdadeiros Engenheiros de Confiabilidade de Sistemas (SREs). Estas tr\u00eas ferramentas cl\u00e1ssicas oferecem uma vis\u00e3o cir\u00fargica e irrefut\u00e1vel do comportamento do kernel. Onde pain\u00e9is gr\u00e1ficos falham por perda de pacotes ou agrega\u00e7\u00e3o de dados (<em>downsampling<\/em>), as m\u00e9tricas brutas fornecidas por <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong> s\u00e3o a fonte da verdade para identificar a causa raiz de qualquer anomalia de performance. Neste artigo com mais de 2000 palavras, vamos mergulhar na pr\u00e1tica de cada uma dessas ferramentas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Monitorar o servidor \u00e9 essencial, mas o verdadeiro ganho vem da otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o. Para isso, veja o guia completo de <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/performance-de-servidores-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">performance de servidores Linux<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para aprofundar a an\u00e1lise, veja tamb\u00e9m:<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/usar-vmstat-para-achar-gargalo-linux\/\">como usar vmstat<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/load-average-linux-como-interpretar\/\">como interpretar load average<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/cpu-100-linux-o-que-verificar\/\">como identificar CPU 100%<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/iowait-alto-causas-reais\/\">como analisar iowait<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-parte-2-o-pacote-sysstat-e-a-coleta-de-dados-base\">Parte 2: O Pacote <code>sysstat<\/code> e a Coleta de Dados Base<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Antes de come\u00e7armos a analisar a linha de comando do <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong> individualmente, \u00e9 estritamente necess\u00e1rio entender a arquitetura de onde essas ferramentas retiram seus dados. O comando <code>vmstat<\/code> geralmente vem instalado de f\u00e1brica dentro do pacote <code>procps<\/code> na vasta maioria das distribui\u00e7\u00f5es Linux. No entanto, o <code>iostat<\/code> e o <code>sar<\/code> fazem parte de um pacote de software \u00e0 parte, de suma import\u00e2ncia, chamado <strong><code>sysstat<\/code><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O <code>sysstat<\/code> n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas um agrupamento de comandos para visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o de terminal em tempo real; sua maior e mais formid\u00e1vel for\u00e7a reside na sua capacidade nativa de coletar e registrar em disco dados hist\u00f3ricos de performance do sistema em segundo plano. O <code>sar<\/code>, em particular, depende totalmente da arquitetura de coleta do <code>sysstat<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ferramentas como vmstat, iostat e sar ajudam a coletar dados, mas a melhoria depende de uma an\u00e1lise completa. Confira  a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/performance-de-servidores-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o de servidores Linux<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-instalacao-e-habilitacao-do-sysstat\">Instala\u00e7\u00e3o e Habilita\u00e7\u00e3o do sysstat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se voc\u00ea estiver operando um ecossistema baseado em Debian ou Ubuntu Server:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>sudo apt update\nsudo apt install sysstat<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sudo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">apt<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">update<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sudo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">apt<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">install<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sysstat<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em ambientes corporativos baseados em Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS, AlmaLinux ou Rocky Linux:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>sudo yum install sysstat\n# ou utilizando o DNF nas vers\u00f5es mais recentes\nsudo dnf install sysstat<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sudo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">yum<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">install<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sysstat<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"># <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">ou<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">utilizando<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">DNF<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">nas<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">vers\u00f5es<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">mais<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">recentes<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sudo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">dnf<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">install<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sysstat<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Configura\u00e7\u00e3o Cr\u00edtica:<\/strong> Ap\u00f3s a instala\u00e7\u00e3o em sistemas Debian\/Ubuntu, a coleta hist\u00f3rica (que \u00e9 o motor do <code>sar<\/code>) \u00e9 instalada com status desativado por padr\u00e3o para economizar espa\u00e7o em disco e ciclos de CPU. Para ativar esse motor de telemetria, voc\u00ea deve editar o arquivo de configura\u00e7\u00e3o <code>\/etc\/default\/sysstat<\/code> e modificar a vari\u00e1vel <code>ENABLED=\"false\"<\/code> para <code>ENABLED=\"true\"<\/code>. Em seguida, \u00e9 imperativo reiniciar e habilitar o servi\u00e7o no <code>systemd<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>sudo systemctl enable --now sysstat\nsudo systemctl restart sysstat<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sudo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">systemctl<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">enable<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">--<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">now<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sysstat<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sudo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">systemctl<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">restart<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sysstat<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Com o motor ativado, o utilit\u00e1rio <code>sadc<\/code> (System Activity Data Collector) passar\u00e1 a gravar informa\u00e7\u00f5es em arquivos bin\u00e1rios dentro do diret\u00f3rio <code>\/var\/log\/sysstat\/<\/code> ou <code>\/var\/log\/sa\/<\/code> a cada 10 minutos (padr\u00e3o configurado via Cron ou Systemd Timers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em sistemas Alamlinux\/Rock Linux execute:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>sudo systemctl enable --now sysstat-collect.timer\nsudo systemctl enable --now sysstat-summary.timer<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sudo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">systemctl<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">enable<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">--<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">now<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sysstat<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">collect<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">timer<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sudo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">systemctl<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">enable<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">--<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">now<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sysstat<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">summary<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">timer<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>sysstat-collect.timer:<\/strong> Coleta dados a cada 10 minutos e salva em \/var\/log\/sa\/saDD.<br><strong>sysstat-summary.timer:<\/strong> Gera um resumo di\u00e1rio (relat\u00f3rio) \u00e0s 23:59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-parte-3-mergulho-profundo-no-vmstat-mais-do-que-apenas-memoria\">Parte 3: Mergulho Profundo no <code>vmstat<\/code> &#8211; Mais do que Apenas Mem\u00f3ria<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apesar do nome derivar de &#8220;Virtual Memory Statistics&#8221;, reduzir o <code>vmstat<\/code> a uma ferramenta de mem\u00f3ria \u00e9 um erro crasso. Ele atua, na verdade, como um painel de instrumentos abrangente e r\u00e1pido para o estado geral de integridade do sistema operacional. Ele reporta de forma concisa informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o estado de processos na fila de execu\u00e7\u00e3o, aloca\u00e7\u00e3o de mem\u00f3ria RAM, pagina\u00e7\u00e3o (swap), I\/O de dispositivos de blocos, interrup\u00e7\u00f5es de hardware e n\u00edveis de atividade da CPU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O charme principal do <code>vmstat<\/code> comparado a outras ferramentas do trio <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong>, \u00e9 seu impacto de performance virtualmente nulo e a sua formata\u00e7\u00e3o tabular perfeita para leitura humana r\u00e1pida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-executando-o-vmstat-na-pratica\">Executando o vmstat na Pr\u00e1tica<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sintaxe cl\u00e1ssica do <code>vmstat<\/code> exige dois argumentos num\u00e9ricos: o <em>delay<\/em> (quantos segundos esperar entre cada coleta) e o <em>count<\/em> (quantas linhas gerar antes de encerrar o comando). Vamos rodar o comando <code>vmstat 1 5<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>$ vmstat 1 5\nprocs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----\n r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st\n 2  0   1024 120456  45612 876324    0    0    12    45   56  120 15  5 78  2  0\n 1  0   1024 119800  45612 876324    0    0     0   120   80  150 20  4 75  1  0\n 4  1   1024 118000  45612 876324    0    0  4096     0 1200 2100 45 15 10 30  0\n 1  0   1024 117500  45612 876324    0    0     0    10  100  200 10  2 88  0  0\n 0  0   1024 117500  45612 876324    0    0     0     0   40   90  1  1 98  0  0<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">$<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">vmstat<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">5<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">procs<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-----------<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">memory<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">----------<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">---<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">swap<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">--<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-----<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">io<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">----<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">system<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">--<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">------<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">cpu<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-----<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">b<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">swpd<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">free<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">buff<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">cache<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">si<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">so<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">bi<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">bo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">in<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">cs<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">us<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sy<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">id<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">wa<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">st<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1024<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">120456<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">45612<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">876324<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">12<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">45<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">56<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">120<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">15<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">5<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">78<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1024<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">119800<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">45612<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">876324<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">120<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">80<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">150<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">20<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">75<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1024<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">118000<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">45612<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">876324<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">4096<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1200<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2100<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">45<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">15<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">30<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1024<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">117500<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">45612<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">876324<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">100<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">200<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">88<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1024<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">117500<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">45612<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">876324<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">40<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">90<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">98<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Dica de Ouro:<\/em> A primeira linha impressa n\u00e3o reflete o exato momento atual. Ela sempre apresenta as m\u00e9dias de todos os valores m\u00e9tricos desde o \u00faltimo boot do sistema. As linhas seguintes \u00e9 que fornecem o delta preciso durante o intervalo estipulado de um segundo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-analise-detalhada-das-metricas-do-vmstat\">An\u00e1lise Detalhada das M\u00e9tricas do vmstat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para utilizar todo o potencial do conjunto <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong>, a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o milim\u00e9trica dessas colunas \u00e9 obrigat\u00f3ria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-fila-de-processos-procs\">A Fila de Processos (Procs)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><code>r<\/code> (Runnable):<\/strong> Representa a quantidade de processos (ou threads) que est\u00e3o na fila prontos para rodar, mas que est\u00e3o aguardando tempo de aloca\u00e7\u00e3o de CPU pelo escalonador (scheduler). Se o valor de <code>r<\/code> for consistentemente superior ao n\u00famero total de n\u00facleos de CPU l\u00f3gicos do seu servidor, voc\u00ea encontrou um claro gargalo de processamento. A CPU simplesmente n\u00e3o d\u00e1 conta da demanda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>b<\/code> (Blocked):<\/strong> O n\u00famero de processos bloqueados em estado &#8220;uninterruptible sleep&#8221;. Normalmente, isso significa que esses processos est\u00e3o travados aguardando uma resposta f\u00edsica de um dispositivo de bloco (como um disco extremamente lento) ou de um sistema de arquivos de rede (NFS).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-memoria-virtual-e-fisica\">Mem\u00f3ria Virtual e F\u00edsica<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><code>swpd<\/code>:<\/strong> Mem\u00f3ria virtual atualmente em uso. Se for diferente de zero, parte da sua RAM foi descarregada no disco f\u00edsico.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>free<\/code>, <code>buff<\/code> e <code>cache<\/code>:<\/strong> O Linux utiliza a filosofia de que &#8220;mem\u00f3ria RAM livre \u00e9 mem\u00f3ria desperdi\u00e7ada&#8221;. Portanto, a coluna <code>free<\/code> quase sempre ser\u00e1 baixa. O kernel usa toda a sobra de RAM para fazer cache do disco (<code>cache<\/code>) e criar buffers de leitura\/grava\u00e7\u00e3o (<code>buff<\/code>), o que acelera incrivelmente o sistema. Se um aplicativo pedir mais RAM, o Linux descarta esse cache instantaneamente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-o-perigo-da-paginacao-swap\">O Perigo da Pagina\u00e7\u00e3o (Swap)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><code>si<\/code> (Swap In) e <code>so<\/code> (Swap Out):<\/strong> Taxa de entrada e sa\u00edda de dados entre o disco de swap e a mem\u00f3ria RAM. Se, durante a sua an\u00e1lise, as colunas <code>si<\/code> e <code>so<\/code> estiverem reportando milhares de kilobytes sendo movidos constantemente, voc\u00ea est\u00e1 presenciando o temido <em>Thrashing<\/em>. A performance da m\u00e1quina vai a zero porque a CPU gasta mais tempo movendo peda\u00e7os de mem\u00f3ria para l\u00e1 e para c\u00e1 do que de fato processando transa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-desempenho-da-cpu\">Desempenho da CPU<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><code>us<\/code> (User Time):<\/strong> Ciclos gastos rodando aplica\u00e7\u00f5es normais (bancos de dados, web servers, seu c\u00f3digo Python\/Java\/Node).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>sy<\/code> (System Time):<\/strong> Tempo processando rotinas do kernel. Valores acima de 30% em <code>sy<\/code> podem indicar uma falha grave na aplica\u00e7\u00e3o fazendo excessivas chamadas de sistema (syscalls).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>wa<\/code> (I\/O Wait):<\/strong> Se este valor subir, significa que a CPU n\u00e3o tem nada para fazer, por\u00e9m existe um processo necessitando que o disco termine de ler\/gravar. Se o <code>wa<\/code> est\u00e1 em 80%, o seu disco \u00e9 a \u00e2ncora do seu servidor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>st<\/code> (Steal Time):<\/strong> Fundamental na computa\u00e7\u00e3o em nuvem. \u00c9 o percentual de tempo em que sua m\u00e1quina virtual exigiu processamento, mas o Hypervisor (o host f\u00edsico) n\u00e3o entregou porque estava sobrecarregado atendendo a outras inst\u00e2ncias de outros clientes. \u00c9 o fen\u00f4meno do <em>noisy neighbor<\/em> (vizinho barulhento).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-parte-4-o-raio-x-fisico-com-iostat\">Parte 4: O Raio-X F\u00edsico com <code>iostat<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enquanto o <code>vmstat<\/code> aponta os sintomas, o <code>iostat<\/code> entrega o diagn\u00f3stico de hardware. Dentre o ecossistema <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong>, o <code>iostat<\/code> \u00e9 a \u00fanica ferramenta com foco absoluto e irrestrito na an\u00e1lise de estresse dos barramentos de armazenamento f\u00edsico. Quando o <code>vmstat<\/code> mostra valores altos nas colunas <code>wa<\/code> e <code>b<\/code>, o comando <code>iostat<\/code> vai responder a duas perguntas vitais: Qual disco, parti\u00e7\u00e3o ou volume l\u00f3gico exato est\u00e1 causando o trauma, e qu\u00e3o severa \u00e9 a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o de performance?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-parametros-estendidos-do-iostat\">Par\u00e2metros Estendidos do iostat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Executar o comando puro \u00e9 ineficaz para diagn\u00f3sticos ao vivo. O poder irrefut\u00e1vel reside no uso da flag estendida <code>-x<\/code>. Vamos adicionar a flag <code>-z<\/code> para ocultar dispositivos inativos e analisar o output a cada dois segundos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>$ iostat -xz 2\nLinux 5.15.0-aws (servidor-db-01)   11\/04\/2023  _x86_64_    (8 CPU)\nDevice            r\/s     w\/s     rkB\/s     wkB\/s   rrqm\/s   wrqm\/s  %rrqm  %wrqm r_await w_await aqu-sz rareq-sz wareq-sz  svctm  %util\nnvme1n1        250.00 4500.00   1000.00  35000.00     0.00   100.00   0.00   2.00    1.50   18.80  10.50     4.00     7.70   0.20  98.00\nsda              0.00    2.00      0.00      8.00     0.00     0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00    2.00   0.01     0.00     4.00   1.00   0.20<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">$<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">iostat<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">xz<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">Linux<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">5.15<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">aws<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> (<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">servidor<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">db<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">01<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">)   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">11<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">04<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2023<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">_x86_64_<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    (<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">8<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">CPU<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">Device<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">r<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">w<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">rkB<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">wkB<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">rrqm<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">wrqm<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">s<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">%<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">rrqm<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">%<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">wrqm<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">r_await<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">w_await<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">aqu<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sz<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">rareq<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sz<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">wareq<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sz<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">svctm<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">%<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">util<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">nvme1n1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">250.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">4500.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1000.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">35000.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">100.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1.50<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">18.80<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">10.50<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">4.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">7.70<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.20<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">98.00<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sda<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">              <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">      <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">      <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">8.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.01<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">     <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">4.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1.00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">   <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0.20<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decifrando-os-codigos-do-hardware\">Decifrando os C\u00f3digos do Hardware<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Entender os meandros do <code>iostat<\/code> \u00e9 o \u00e1pice do <em>troubleshooting<\/em> de infraestrutura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IOPS (<code>r\/s<\/code> e <code>w\/s<\/code>):<\/strong> Estas colunas indicam Opera\u00e7\u00f5es de Leitura\/Grava\u00e7\u00e3o por Segundo. O limite depende puramente do hardware. Discos magn\u00e9ticos antigos de 7200 RPM suportam cerca de 150 IOPS. J\u00e1 um drive NVMe PCIe 4.0 pode entregar mais de 500.000 IOPS. Acompanhar isso \u00e9 vital para n\u00e3o estourar a cota de provedores como AWS EBS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Throughput (<code>rkB\/s<\/code> e <code>wkB\/s<\/code>):<\/strong> \u00c9 a vaz\u00e3o de dados em Kilobytes. Enquanto IOPS mede &#8220;quantidade de pacotes&#8221;, o throughput mede o &#8220;peso&#8221;. Sistemas de streaming de v\u00eddeo geram enorme Throughput com baixos IOPS, enquanto Bancos de Dados geram massivos IOPS de pequen\u00edssimo Throughput.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lat\u00eancia (<code>r_await<\/code> e <code>w_await<\/code>):<\/strong> Esta \u00e9 a m\u00e9trica mais cr\u00edtica de todo o <code>iostat<\/code>. \u00c9 o tempo m\u00e9dio de espera, medido em milissegundos (ms), para que as opera\u00e7\u00f5es sejam totalmente conclu\u00eddas (englobando tanto o tempo na fila do Linux quanto o tempo do hardware f\u00edsico atuando). Se voc\u00ea possui um banco de dados relacional e seu <code>w_await<\/code> ultrapassa a barreira dos 10ms a 15ms em discos de estado s\u00f3lido (SSD), o sistema come\u00e7ar\u00e1 a experimentar problemas de lentid\u00e3o percept\u00edvel no front-end.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>A Pegadinha da Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o (<code>%util<\/code>):<\/strong> Em discos magn\u00e9ticos mec\u00e2nicos (HDDs), quando o <code>%util<\/code> chegava a 100%, o disco estava &#8220;saturado&#8221;. Contudo, na era dos Arrays RAID modernos e das mem\u00f3rias Flash (NVMe), um dispositivo pode facilmente registrar 100% de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o e n\u00e3o estar esgotado. Isso ocorre porque controladores modernos conseguem lidar com m\u00faltiplas transa\u00e7\u00f5es simultaneamente e de forma paralela. Logo, o uso exclusivo do <code>%util<\/code> para declarar falha \u00e9 um erro amador. Combine-o sempre com o crescimento da fila de tarefas (<code>aqu-sz<\/code>) e as lat\u00eancias (<code>await<\/code>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-parte-5-viagem-no-tempo-com-o-sar\">Parte 5: Viagem no Tempo com o <code>sar<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tanto o <code>vmstat<\/code> quanto o <code>iostat<\/code> s\u00e3o brilhantes, formid\u00e1veis e precisos para o agora. Mas a dura realidade de um Administrador de Sistemas raramente \u00e9 t\u00e3o conveniente. Quase sempre, o alerta PagerDuty soa no meio da noite, ou o gestor reporta na segunda-feira pela manh\u00e3 que &#8220;o e-commerce travou no domingo \u00e0 tarde&#8221;. Entrar na m\u00e1quina 15 horas ap\u00f3s a ocorr\u00eancia e rodar <code>vmstat<\/code> produzir\u00e1 dados de um sistema calmo e ocioso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O cora\u00e7\u00e3o pulsante de longo prazo da tr\u00edade <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong> \u00e9, inegavelmente, o utilit\u00e1rio <strong><code>sar<\/code> (System Activity Reporter)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Como mencionado na introdu\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o pacote sysstat, os arquivos de log bin\u00e1rios criados pelo <code>sadc<\/code> (como <code>sa05<\/code> para o dia 5 do m\u00eas) s\u00e3o a mat\u00e9ria-prima do <code>sar<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-extraindo-dados-do-passado\">Extraindo Dados do Passado<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O uso mais prim\u00e1rio do <code>sar<\/code> se d\u00e1 pelo interrogat\u00f3rio de arquivos antigos utilizando a <em>flag<\/em> <code>-f<\/code>. Suponha que o servidor falhou ontem (dia 14 do m\u00eas) \u00e0s 15:00.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly># Inspecionando o arquivo de log do dia 14\nsar -f \/var\/log\/sysstat\/sa14 -s 14:00:00 -e 16:00:00<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"># <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">Inspecionando<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">o<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">arquivo<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">de<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">do<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">dia<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">14<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">sar<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">\/var<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">\/<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9\">log<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">\/sysstat\/sa14 -s 14<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">00<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">00<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> -e <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">16<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">00<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">00<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Com as <em>flags<\/em> de <em>start<\/em> (<code>-s<\/code>) e <em>end<\/em> (<code>-e<\/code>), limitamos o escopo de an\u00e1lise \u00e0 janela cr\u00edtica de incidente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-monitorando-subsistemas-especificos\">Monitorando Subsistemas Espec\u00edficos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O <code>sar<\/code> \u00e9 o canivete su\u00ed\u00e7o definitivo. Ele permite isolar e monitorar qualquer componente da arquitetura Linux:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de CPU (<code>sar -u<\/code> e <code>sar -P ALL<\/code>):<\/strong> Reporta o mesmo formato da coluna CPU do <code>vmstat<\/code>. A vantagem de usar o <code>-P ALL<\/code> \u00e9 que ele descreve o comportamento de cada n\u00facleo individualmente. Uma falha cl\u00e1ssica de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es <em>single-threaded<\/em> (como servidores Redis mal configurados ou scripts Python bloqueantes) \u00e9 travar 100% de apenas um n\u00facleo (Core 0), deixando os outros 15 n\u00facleos ociosos. Apenas a vis\u00e3o por n\u00facleo revela isso.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Mem\u00f3ria e OOM Killer (<code>sar -r<\/code>):<\/strong> Mostra a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica da aloca\u00e7\u00e3o da RAM. A m\u00e9trica <code>kbcommit<\/code> (%commit) \u00e9 ouro puro. Ela mostra a quantidade te\u00f3rica de mem\u00f3ria garantida \u00e0s aplica\u00e7\u00f5es pelo kernel. Se esse n\u00famero atinge quase 100%, voc\u00ea tem a certeza matem\u00e1tica de que o temido OOM Killer (Out-Of-Memory Killer) do Linux entrou em a\u00e7\u00e3o e expurgou do sistema processos vitais \u00e0 for\u00e7a para n\u00e3o sofrer um kernel panic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>An\u00e1lise Hist\u00f3rica de Pagina\u00e7\u00e3o (<code>sar -W<\/code>):<\/strong> Corresponde \u00e0s m\u00e9tricas <code>si\/so<\/code> do <code>vmstat<\/code>. Se voc\u00ea rodar o <code>sar -W -f<\/code> para a hora da lentid\u00e3o e enxergar a coluna <code>pswpin\/s<\/code> na casa dos milhares, voc\u00ea provou categoricamente que a lentid\u00e3o foi causada por falta de RAM dispon\u00edvel, for\u00e7ando uso do disco, e n\u00e3o por falha de processador.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Auditoria Hist\u00f3rica de Discos (<code>sar -d<\/code>):<\/strong> A uni\u00e3o entre a capacidade de disco e hist\u00f3rico \u00e9 feita aqui. Recomendamos o uso extremo da <em>flag<\/em> <code>sar -dp<\/code> (onde &#8216;p&#8217; traduz os n\u00fameros feios de major\/minor do kernel dev8-0 em nomes amig\u00e1veis como sda, sdb). Este comando vai trazer basicamente o relat\u00f3rio do <code>iostat<\/code> retroativamente, informando lat\u00eancias e blocos por segundo no momento exato do problema de ontem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gargalos Ocultos de Rede (<code>sar -n DEV<\/code> e <code>sar -n TCP<\/code>):<\/strong> Uma lacuna que o <code>vmstat<\/code> e o <code>iostat<\/code> n\u00e3o cobrem \u00e9 a camada de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o em rede. O <code>sar<\/code> reporta precisamente m\u00e9tricas de tr\u00e1fego. <code>sar -n DEV<\/code> informa o volume de pacotes transmitidos (Tx) e recebidos (Rx) por segundo, assim como o consumo de banda real em kilobytes de cada interface f\u00edsica (eth0, ens5). Se a sua placa de rede suporta at\u00e9 1 Gbit\/s e a m\u00e9trica <code>txkB\/s<\/code> registrada atingiu constantemente o limiar de 120.000 KB\/s no instante em que as reclama\u00e7\u00f5es de &#8220;banco de dados inating\u00edvel&#8221; se multiplicaram, voc\u00ea acabou de culpar a satura\u00e7\u00e3o do cabo ou porta de switch, e n\u00e3o do software do banco de dados em si.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Identificar gargalos \u00e9 apenas o primeiro passo. Veja a estrat\u00e9gia completa de <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/performance-de-servidores-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o de servidores Linux<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-parte-6-cenarios-praticos-integrados-de-resolucao-troubleshooting\">Parte 6: Cen\u00e1rios Pr\u00e1ticos Integrados de Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o (Troubleshooting)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dominar os manuais das fun\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 apenas a base; a verdadeira profici\u00eancia na uni\u00e3o de ferramentas como o <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong> consolida-se durante crises severas. Vamos simular duas investiga\u00e7\u00f5es completas baseadas em cen\u00e1rios frequentes do mundo corporativo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-estudo-de-caso-1-a-tempestade-do-banco-de-dados-relacional\">Estudo de Caso 1: A Tempestade do Banco de Dados Relacional<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sintoma:<\/strong> Os desenvolvedores informam que o microservi\u00e7o de check-out do carrinho de compras come\u00e7ou a apresentar eventos de <em>timeout<\/em> (tempo de limite excedido) aleat\u00f3rios durante toda a \u00faltima noite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o com as ferramentas:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>O SRE conecta-se por SSH ao servidor mestre PostgreSQL que processa os pagamentos.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para observar o presente, ele lan\u00e7a <code>vmstat 1 5<\/code>. O servidor parece normal (0 processos na fila <code>r<\/code>, 90% de <code>id<\/code> idle CPU). O evento n\u00e3o est\u00e1 acontecendo mais.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>O SRE apela para a mem\u00f3ria de longo prazo: roda o <code>sar -q -f \/var\/log\/sa\/sa20<\/code> para verificar a carga das filas (load average e tarefas rodando) durante a madrugada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Observa-se que entre 02:00 e 04:00, a fila de bloqueio e carga do sistema cresceu desproporcionalmente.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Partindo para o hardware, utiliza-se <code>sar -dp -f \/var\/log\/sa\/sa20<\/code>. Os registros revelam o criminoso. O dispositivo <code>nvme1n1<\/code>, onde os logs do tipo WAL (Write-Ahead Log) do banco residem, estava sendo massacrado com requisi\u00e7\u00f5es batendo lat\u00eancias (<code>await<\/code>) que chegaram a terr\u00edveis 300 milissegundos entre as 02h e as 04h.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para descartar problemas do pr\u00f3prio disco e focar no que o sistema emitiu, cruza-se isso com atividades da rede interna: <code>sar -n DEV<\/code>. H\u00e1 um gigantesco <em>spike<\/em> (pico) de tr\u00e1fego de entrada na interface de rede \u00e0s 02:00.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Veredito e Solu\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> N\u00e3o foi falha de disco, de CPU ou do banco em si. Algu\u00e9m agendou um processo em lote massivo e n\u00e3o otimizado para despejar milh\u00f5es de novos registros simult\u00e2neos no banco na madrugada (o grande tr\u00e1fego de rede RX comprova). O disco de log, projetado para suportar apenas fluxo transacional normal, atingiu sua taxa m\u00e1xima de IOPS tentando processar o commit seguro dessas inser\u00e7\u00f5es brutas. A solu\u00e7\u00e3o de engenharia foi for\u00e7ar a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o agendada a injetar linhas em blocos maiores e compassados, e migrar a parti\u00e7\u00e3o de logs (WAL) para um modelo de armazenamento cloud de mais alta performance de IOPS provisionados (como volumes io2 na AWS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-estudo-de-caso-2-a-aplicacao-zumbi-que-devora-recursos\">Estudo de Caso 2: A Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o &#8220;Zumbi&#8221; que devora recursos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sintoma:<\/strong> Um n\u00f3 (node) do cluster Kubernetes de produ\u00e7\u00e3o para de responder completamente ao <em>health check<\/em> \u00e0s 15:30. Quando os administradores conseguem logar na m\u00e1quina \u00e0s 15:50, tudo est\u00e1 perfeito e calmo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o com as ferramentas:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Como o problema n\u00e3o ocorre mais, os comandos de tempo real <code>vmstat<\/code> e <code>iostat<\/code> s\u00e3o descartados da fase inicial. O SRE abre o <code>sar<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Come\u00e7ando pela telemetria global da CPU: <code>sar -u<\/code>. Verifica-se que, por volta das 15:15, a coluna <code>%system<\/code> (<code>sy<\/code> no vmstat) come\u00e7ou a subir exponencialmente at\u00e9 bater 60%. Logo depois, \u00e0s 15:25, a CPU disparou para 100% no <code>%iowait<\/code>. A m\u00e1quina congelou esperando I\/O.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surpreendentemente, ao checar os discos com <code>sar -dp<\/code>, nenhum disco apresentava tr\u00e1fego an\u00f4malo de leitura\/grava\u00e7\u00e3o de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es (arquivos normais).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>O SRE aciona o monitoramento de mem\u00f3ria e pagina\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica: <code>sar -r<\/code> e <code>sar -W<\/code>. Aqui estava a prova definitiva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c0s 15:10, o <code>%memused<\/code> estava em 99%. E, nos instantes que antecederam o travamento total relatado das 15:25, o <code>sar -W<\/code> mostrou a coluna <code>pswpout\/s<\/code> (p\u00e1ginas for\u00e7adas para dentro do disco de Swap) reportando dezenas de milhares de opera\u00e7\u00f5es por segundo.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Veredito e Solu\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> O servidor n\u00e3o teve um problema de I\/O puro ou pico de processamento real. Uma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o mal constru\u00edda (ou com um memory leak flagrante) em um cont\u00eainer esgotou vorazmente os 64GB de mem\u00f3ria RAM f\u00edsica do n\u00f3. Sem mem\u00f3ria, o kernel do Linux, em desespero, come\u00e7ou a transferir a \u00e1rea de mem\u00f3ria ativa para um fr\u00e1gil arquivo de parti\u00e7\u00e3o de SWAP hospedado no disco raiz (<code>\/<\/code>). O limite de grava\u00e7\u00e3o de arquivos min\u00fasculos arruinou os tempos de resposta do disco de sistema, o que causou o <code>%iowait<\/code> estratosf\u00e9rico e congelou a rede, fazendo o n\u00f3 falhar os testes de conex\u00e3o (Health Checks). Minutos depois, o sistema ativou o <code>oom-killer<\/code>, assassinou a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o causadora, a mem\u00f3ria foi esvaziada e o sistema pareceu perfeitamente normal \u00e0s 15:50. Solu\u00e7\u00e3o: Impor limites de mem\u00f3ria f\u00edsica rigorosos (Cgroups\/Memory Limits) nos pods do Kubernetes, prevenindo que uma falha isolada drene as capacidades essenciais de Swap e trave o sistema operacional host daquela m\u00e1quina de produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusao-observabilidade-no-nivel-do-kernel\">Conclus\u00e3o: Observabilidade no N\u00edvel do Kernel<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Embora estejamos plenamente imersos em uma era dourada de interfaces ricas, dashboards bel\u00edssimos e <em>stacks<\/em> de observabilidade de alta complexidade contendo Prometheus, Grafana, Zabbix, DataDog, New Relic e outros, depender de forma m\u00edope e exclusiva das comodidades modernas pode mascarar riscos estruturais em infraestruturas cruciais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As ferramentas de raiz de linha de comando baseadas no ecossistema Unix, notavelmente o <strong>vmstat, iostat e sar<\/strong>, interagem em baix\u00edssimo n\u00edvel, se interfaceando diretamente com os contadores de performance bin\u00e1rios gerados pelo pr\u00f3prio n\u00facleo do kernel no diret\u00f3rio virtual <code>\/proc<\/code>. Elas s\u00e3o leves como plumas, n\u00e3o dependem de conex\u00e3o com a internet externa para funcionarem e n\u00e3o perdem granularidade visual mesmo frente \u00e0 cat\u00e1strofes extremas de esgotamento de m\u00e1quina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ao integrar o dom\u00ednio completo dos comandos listados na sua rotina di\u00e1ria de administra\u00e7\u00e3o de sistemas ou fluxo de SRE, voc\u00ea afia de forma formid\u00e1vel a sua capacidade t\u00e9cnica anal\u00edtica. Voc\u00ea deixa de deduzir problemas usando gr\u00e1ficos vagos e passa a provar, baseando-se em contadores f\u00edsicos do sistema operacional, os limites exatos do sil\u00edcio, da mem\u00f3ria vol\u00e1til e do armazenamento persistente nos seus parques de servidores de alta escalabilidade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para transformar monitoramento em resultados reais, consulte o guia de <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/performance-de-servidores-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">como otimizar servidores Linux<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-faq\">FAQ<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775578745742\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">O que \u00e9 o pacote sysstat no Linux?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">O pacote sysstat \u00e9 uma cole\u00e7\u00e3o de utilit\u00e1rios de monitoramento de desempenho para sistemas operacionais baseados em Linux. Ele inclui ferramentas vitais como o <code>sar<\/code> e o <code>iostat<\/code>, permitindo a coleta, relat\u00f3rio e armazenamento de dados de atividade do sistema.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775578822347\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Qual a diferen\u00e7a entre o vmstat e o iostat?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">O <code>vmstat<\/code> foca em reportar informa\u00e7\u00f5es gerais sobre processos, mem\u00f3ria virtual, pagina\u00e7\u00e3o, interrup\u00e7\u00f5es e atividade global da CPU. J\u00e1 o <code>iostat<\/code> \u00e9 especializado na gera\u00e7\u00e3o de estat\u00edsticas detalhadas de uso da CPU correlacionadas com a entrada e sa\u00edda (I\/O) de dispositivos f\u00edsicos, como discos r\u00edgidos e SSDs.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775578853466\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Para que serve o comando sar no Linux?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">O <code>sar<\/code> (System Activity Reporter) \u00e9 usado para coletar, relatar e salvar dados hist\u00f3ricos de m\u00e9tricas de todo o sistema. Diferente de comandos que mostram apenas o tempo real, o <code>sar<\/code> permite que os administradores investiguem o que causou problemas de lentid\u00e3o no passado (por exemplo, na madrugada anterior).<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775578936300\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">O que significa a coluna &#8220;wa&#8221; (iowait) no comando vmstat?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A coluna <code>wa<\/code> indica a porcentagem de tempo em que a CPU ficou completamente ociosa aguardando a conclus\u00e3o de opera\u00e7\u00f5es de entrada e sa\u00edda (I\/O), geralmente requisi\u00e7\u00f5es de leitura ou grava\u00e7\u00e3o no disco. Um <code>iowait<\/code> consistentemente alto (por exemplo, acima de 20%) \u00e9 um forte ind\u00edcio de que o seu armazenamento \u00e9 o gargalo do sistema.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775578951668\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">O comando iostat consegue mostrar estat\u00edsticas de um disco espec\u00edfico?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Sim. Para visualizar as m\u00e9tricas de um dispositivo f\u00edsico ou parti\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica, basta adicionar o nome do dispositivo ao comando. Por exemplo, executar <code>iostat -xz 1 \/dev\/sda<\/code> mostrar\u00e1 estat\u00edsticas detalhadas e cont\u00ednuas isolando apenas a atividade do disco <code>sda<\/code>, ignorando os demais.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775579001998\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">\u00c9 poss\u00edvel monitorar o tr\u00e1fego de rede hist\u00f3rico com o comando sar?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Com certeza. Embora seja famoso por monitorar CPU e RAM, o <code>sar<\/code> \u00e9 excelente para an\u00e1lise de rede. Utilizando o comando <code>sar -n DEV<\/code>, o administrador consegue visualizar o hist\u00f3rico detalhado de pacotes por segundo e kilobytes trafegados (largura de banda) de todas as interfaces de rede (como <code>eth0<\/code> ou <code>ens5<\/code>) em hor\u00e1rios e dias anteriores.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775579031556\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Qual a diferen\u00e7a entre IOPS e Throughput no iostat?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">No <code>iostat<\/code>, os IOPS (representados pelas colunas <code>r\/s<\/code> e <code>w\/s<\/code>) medem a <em>quantidade<\/em> de opera\u00e7\u00f5es individuais de leitura ou grava\u00e7\u00e3o por segundo, independentemente do tamanho do arquivo. J\u00e1 o Throughput (representado pelas colunas <code>rkB\/s<\/code> e <code>wkB\/s<\/code>) mede a <em>taxa de transfer\u00eancia<\/em>, ou seja, o volume e o peso dos dados transferidos por segundo em Kilobytes.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775579083573\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Por que a coluna %util no iostat chega a 100% em discos SSD\/NVMe sem causar lentid\u00e3o?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A m\u00e9trica <code>%util<\/code> mostra a porcentagem de tempo em que o dispositivo recebeu requisi\u00e7\u00f5es (n\u00e3o esteve ocioso). Como os discos de estado s\u00f3lido (SSDs e NVMes) e arranjos RAID modernos possuem arquitetura paralela, eles conseguem processar m\u00faltiplas requisi\u00e7\u00f5es simult\u00e2neas. Portanto, eles podem registrar 100% de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o e ainda terem folga para trabalhar. Em hardware moderno, a m\u00e9trica de gargalo mais confi\u00e1vel \u00e9 a lat\u00eancia (<code>await<\/code>) e n\u00e3o a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1775579121275\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Como descobrir qual processo est\u00e1 causando alto I\/O depois de ver o problema no iostat?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Ferramentas como <code>vmstat<\/code> e <code>iostat<\/code> mostram <em>o que<\/em> est\u00e1 acontecendo no hardware, mas n\u00e3o revelam <em>quem<\/em> \u00e9 o culpado. Para cruzar essa informa\u00e7\u00e3o em tempo real e descobrir qual processo ou PID est\u00e1 esgotando o disco, voc\u00ea deve utilizar a ferramenta complementar <strong><code>iotop<\/code><\/strong> ou examinar a aba de I\/O em gerenciadores modernos como o <code>htop<\/code><\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-veja-mais\">Veja Mais:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/performance-de-servidores-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Performance de Servidores Linux: Guia Completo 2026<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/servidor-lento-identificar-gargalo-vps-dedicado-cloud\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Servidor Lento: Como Identificar o Gargalo<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/io-de-disco-servidor-linux\/\">I\/O de disco servidor Linux: Como Resolver Gargalos<br><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/cpu-100-linux-o-que-verificar\/\">CPU 100% no Linux: O Que Verificar Primeiro no Servidor<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/usar-vmstat-para-achar-gargalo-linux\/\">Como Usar vmstat para Achar Gargalo no Linux em Minutos<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/load-average-linux-como-interpretar\/\">Load Average no Linux: Como Interpretar Corretamente<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/achar-gargalo-com-iostat\/\">Como Achar Gargalo com Iostat: Guia Definitivo e Pr\u00e1tico<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/iowait-alto-causas-reais\/\">Iowait Alto: Causas Reais e Solu\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/swap-alto-com-ram-livre-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Swap Alto com RAM Livre: Por Que Isso Acontece e como Resolver<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/tuning-sysctl-producao-linux\/\">Tuning de sysctl para Produ\u00e7\u00e3o: Guia Definitivo de Performance Linux<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/limits-conf-linux\/\">Como Ajustar limits.conf no Linux: Guia para Alta Performance<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/oom-killer-mysql-guia-sobrevivencia\/\">OOM Killer e MySQL: Como Evitar que o Linux Mate seu Banco de Dados<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/memory-leak-linux-detectar-resolver\/\">Memory Leak Linux: Como Detectar e Corrigir<\/a><\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-saiba-mais\">Saiba Mais:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/no-space-left-on-device-com-espaco-livre\/\">No space left on device com espa\u00e7o livre? 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Como Controlar e Limpar o Linux (Guia 2026)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parte 1: A Import\u00e2ncia da &#8220;Sant\u00edssima Trindade&#8221; da Observabilidade Administrar sistemas Linux em ambientes de produ\u00e7\u00e3o corporativos, seja em servidores f\u00edsicos tradicionais [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5396,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4187],"tags":[2314,4139,13,82,2360,3309,2310,4021,2322],"class_list":["post-5395","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-monitoramento-e-troubleshooting","tag-devops","tag-gargalos","tag-linux","tag-performance","tag-servidores","tag-sre","tag-sysadmin","tag-sysstat","tag-troubleshooting"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.8 (Yoast SEO v27.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Guia Completo de Monitoramento Linux com vmstat, iostat e sar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aprenda a dominar a an\u00e1lise de performance no Linux. 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Por exemplo, executar iostat -xz 1 \/dev\/sda mostrar\u00e1 estat\u00edsticas detalhadas e cont\u00ednuas isolando apenas a atividade do disco sda, ignorando os demais.","inLanguage":"pt-BR"},"inLanguage":"pt-BR"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/monitoramento-linux-vmstat-iostat-sar\/#faq-question-1775579001998","position":6,"url":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/monitoramento-linux-vmstat-iostat-sar\/#faq-question-1775579001998","name":"\u00c9 poss\u00edvel monitorar o tr\u00e1fego de rede hist\u00f3rico com o comando sar?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Com certeza. Embora seja famoso por monitorar CPU e RAM, o sar \u00e9 excelente para an\u00e1lise de rede. Utilizando o comando sar -n DEV, o administrador consegue visualizar o hist\u00f3rico detalhado de pacotes por segundo e kilobytes trafegados (largura de banda) de todas as interfaces de rede (como eth0 ou ens5) em hor\u00e1rios e dias anteriores.","inLanguage":"pt-BR"},"inLanguage":"pt-BR"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/monitoramento-linux-vmstat-iostat-sar\/#faq-question-1775579031556","position":7,"url":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/monitoramento-linux-vmstat-iostat-sar\/#faq-question-1775579031556","name":"Qual a diferen\u00e7a entre IOPS e Throughput no iostat?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"No iostat, os IOPS (representados pelas colunas r\/s e w\/s) medem a <em>quantidade<\/em> de opera\u00e7\u00f5es individuais de leitura ou grava\u00e7\u00e3o por segundo, independentemente do tamanho do arquivo. J\u00e1 o Throughput (representado pelas colunas rkB\/s e wkB\/s) mede a <em>taxa de transfer\u00eancia<\/em>, ou seja, o volume e o peso dos dados transferidos por segundo em Kilobytes.","inLanguage":"pt-BR"},"inLanguage":"pt-BR"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/monitoramento-linux-vmstat-iostat-sar\/#faq-question-1775579083573","position":8,"url":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/monitoramento-linux-vmstat-iostat-sar\/#faq-question-1775579083573","name":"Por que a coluna %util no iostat chega a 100% em discos SSD\/NVMe sem causar lentid\u00e3o?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A m\u00e9trica %util mostra a porcentagem de tempo em que o dispositivo recebeu requisi\u00e7\u00f5es (n\u00e3o esteve ocioso). Como os discos de estado s\u00f3lido (SSDs e NVMes) e arranjos RAID modernos possuem arquitetura paralela, eles conseguem processar m\u00faltiplas requisi\u00e7\u00f5es simult\u00e2neas. 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