{"id":2167,"date":"2025-12-24T17:32:50","date_gmt":"2025-12-24T20:32:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/?p=2167"},"modified":"2025-12-24T17:32:52","modified_gmt":"2025-12-24T20:32:52","slug":"php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/en\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\/","title":{"rendered":"PHP-FPM: How to Calculate pm.max_children Correctly"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"helps-1430301249\" class=\"helps-before-content-2 helps-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3661896953164277\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- 2anuncios display quadrado -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3661896953164277\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"5051229894\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-pm-max-children\">What is pm.max_children?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the maximum number of simultaneous PHP processes that the pool can execute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each process = 1 active PHP request. Each process consumes RAM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc49 If the limit is exceeded \u2192 error 502 \/ timeout<br>\ud83d\udc49 If it gets excessive \u2192 swap \/ OOM \/ slow server<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-main-rule-actual-formula\">1\ufe0f\u20e3 Main rule (actual formula)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>pm.max_children = RAM available for PHP\n                  \u00f7\n                  average resource consumption of a 1 PHP process\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simple, but you need to measure it correctly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-find-out-how-much-ram-is-available-to-php\">2\ufe0f\u20e3 Find out how much RAM is available to PHP.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-1-total-ram\">Step 1 \u2013 Total RAM<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>free -m\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>Total: 12288 MB\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-2-reserve-ram-for-the-system\">Step 2 \u2013 Reserve RAM for the system<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always book:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>OS + services: 2\u20133 GB<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MySQL\/MariaDB: 30\u201340% of RAM<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cache (Redis, OPcache): 500 MB \u2013 1 GB<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Real-life example (12 GB RAM):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>Total:        12288 MB\nSystem:       2048 MB\nMariaDB:       4096 MB\nCache\/Others:   512 MB\n-------------------------\nAvailable PHP: ~5632 MB\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-measure-the-actual-power-consumption-of-a-php-fpm-process\">3\ufe0f\u20e3 Measure the actual power consumption of a PHP-FPM process.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-correct-method-production\">Correct method (production)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ps --no-headers -o &quot;rss,cmd&quot; -C php-fpm | awk '{sum+=$1} END {print sum\/NR\/1024 &quot; MB&quot;}'\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>42 MB\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udccc In WordPress:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PHP simple: <strong>30\u201340 MB<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>WooCommerce: <strong>50\u201380 MB<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sites heavy: <strong>100+ MB<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-calculate-the-pm-max-children\">4\ufe0f\u20e3 Calculate the <code>pm.max_children<\/code><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using the example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>5632 MB \u00f7 42 MB \u2248 134 processes\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-safe-value\">Safe value:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>pm.max_children = 120\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udccc Always leave a 10\u201315% margin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-5-choose-the-correct-pm-this-changes-everything\">5\ufe0f\u20e3 Choose the correct PM (this changes everything)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ondemand-recommended\">\ud83d\udd39 <code>ondemand<\/code> (RECOMMENDED)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>pm = ondemand\npm.max_children = 120\npm.process_idle_timeout = 10s\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2714 Less RAM<br>\u2714 Ideal for WordPress<br>\u2714 Prevents idle processes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-dynamic\">\ud83d\udd39 <code>dynamic<\/code><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>pm = dynamic\npm.max_children = 120\npm.start_servers = 10\npm.min_spare_servers = 5\npm.max_spare_servers = 20\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u26a0\ufe0f It uses more RAM (always-on processes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-6-environments-with-cloudlinux-lve\">6\ufe0f\u20e3 Environments with CloudLinux (LVE)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc49 The calculation should be per account, not global.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example per user:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>LVE RAM: 1 GB<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PHP Process: 40 MB<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>1024 \u00f7 40 \u2248 25\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>pm.max_children = 20\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udccc This prevents a website from crashing the server.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-7-signs-of-a-misconfigured-pm-max-children-error\">7\ufe0f\u20e3 Signs of a misconfigured pm.max_children error.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-very-low\">Very low<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Errors <strong>502<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>server reached pm.max_children<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slowness under load<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-very-high\">Very high<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Swap active<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OOM Killer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Server slow even with no traffic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-8-real-time-monitoring\">8\ufe0f\u20e3 Real-time monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>watch -n1 &quot;ps -ylC php-fpm --sort:rss | head&quot;\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">View errors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>journalctl -u php-fpm\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-9-exemplo-final-producao-wordpress\">9\ufe0f\u20e3 Exemplo final (produ\u00e7\u00e3o WordPress)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Server:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>12 GB RAM<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MariaDB 11.x<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CloudLinux<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nginx + Apache<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>pm = ondemand\npm.max_children = 120\npm.process_idle_timeout = 10s\npm.max_requests = 500\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-quick-checklist\">\u2705 Quick checklist<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2714 RAM measured correctly<br>\u2714 Actual PHP usage calculated<br>\u2714 Safety margin applied<br>\u2714 pm=ondemand used<br>\u2714 Active monitoring<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is pm.max_children? This is the maximum number of simultaneous PHP processes that the pool can execute. Each process = 1 active [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2153,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1206,1204],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2167","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-linux","category-server-management"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.9 (Yoast SEO v27.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PHP-FPM: How to Calculate pm.max_children Correctly - Blog HelpSysAdmin<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"PHP-FPM: How to Calculate pm.max_children Correctly\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/en\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PHP-FPM: How to Calculate pm.max_children Correctly\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"PHP-FPM: How to Calculate pm.max_children Correctly\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/en\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Blog HelpSysAdmin\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-12-24T20:32:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-24T20:32:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mlkpd8g42nae.i.optimole.com\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/helpsysadmin.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/php-fpm.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"844\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"HelpSysAdmin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@brhelpsysad\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@brhelpsysad\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\\/blog\\\/en\\\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\\/blog\\\/en\\\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"HelpSysAdmin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bdbe3d7d71a0c6a3cb474c18da574efb\"},\"headline\":\"PHP-FPM: How to Calculate pm.max_children Correctly\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-24T20:32:50+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-24T20:32:52+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\\/blog\\\/en\\\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":246,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\\/blog\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\\/blog\\\/en\\\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\/blog\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2025\\/12\\/php-fpm.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Linux\",\"server management\"],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-BR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\\/blog\\\/en\\\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/helpsysadmin.com.br\\\/blog\\\/en\\\/php-fpm-how-to-calculate-pm-max_children-correctly\\\/\",\"name\":\"PHP-FPM: How to Calculate pm.max_children Correctly - 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